How memory works/ Why we forget
Forgetting is normal and necessary. Your brain is bombarded with millions of bits of
information every day. All of this information could not possibly be stored, nor is it
important enough to remember for any length of time. The mind decides what
information is unimportant and immediately disregards it. What your mind remembers is
what you need to function. There are strategies to use that will increase your ability to
remember important information.

Types of Memory
Sensory Memory – We are constantly processing information gathered through
our senses. Through selective attention, your mind determines what of the huge
amount of incoming information is important and ignores the rest. When you concentrate
on your professor’s lecture or the discussion that is going on you use selective attention
to deem this information important. Although sensory information is only kept in your
mind a few seconds, by concentrating on a certain piece of information, you can transfer
it to your short-term memory.

Short-Term Memory – Information in your short-term memory lasts only about a
minute. When you meet someone and they tell you their name, chances are, an hour
later, you won’t remember their name. By reciting and rehearsing information like
names, lists or phone numbers, you can increase your retention of the information.
Short-term memory is limited, however. The average number of items you can keep in
short-term memory is seven. To remember larger amounts of information you must
group it into common themes, memorize “chunks” of information at once, or use other
strategies to improve retention.

Long-Term Memory – Once information is moved to long-term memory, it is
integrated with existing information. If this integration is not successfully done, the
information may get “lost” and will be harder to recall. Long-term memory is like a giant
warehouse full of file cabinets. You take information you know and you place it in
existing “files.” If there is no existing file and you do not create one by integrating like
information, the information may be more difficult to recall.

The 3 R’s of Memory
Reception – Be attentive and observant. This will help you receive important
information more easily. Engage all of your senses. Look at the professor, listen to the
lecture and discussion, and take notes. Ask questions if you aren’t clear about
something. If you don’t understand, you won’t be able to remember. Survey before
reading the material. If you know what the selection is about before reading, you will be
more attentive to the information.

Retention – Make a conscious effort to remember what is being said. If you set
goals for your performance and motivate yourself this will give you the incentive to
remember. Become an active reader by highlighting and marking your text. Review
your notes frequently to increase your retention. Recite your notes aloud when
possible. By using both your visual and auditory senses, you will increase your retention
rate. Do all your homework when it is assigned. Using information in and out of the
classroom will help you remember it better. See the list of Memory Aids for tips on
improving your memory.

Recollection – Organize your material before the test. Group tests, summaries,
and notes according to chapters and similar topics. Make a list of important topics and
what you should know about them. The week before the test set up a block of time (2-3
hours) to thoroughly review the information. Remember to take breaks when studying!
During the test visualize your diagrams and flashcards to help remember the
information. Use practice tests to study. Anticipate possible test questions and make up
your own test or look at old tests if they are available from the professor.
Memory Aids

Mnemonics – rhymes, sayings or phrases that repeat or codify the information you’re
trying to remember.

HOMES – an acronym that stands for the first letter of each of the five Great Lakes
Fall Back, Spring Ahead – this phrase helps you remember Daylight Savings Time
Thirty days hath September… - this jingle helps you remember how many days there are
in each of the twelve months.

Associate – Relate the information you’re trying to remember to something you already
know. To help remember the three stages of memory (reception, retention, and
recollection) you can associate the mind with a computer. By recalling the computer’s
three processes (input, storage, and output) you will be able to remember the stages of
memory.

Visualize – Drawing out pictures and diagrams makes the information easier to recall by
visualizing the drawing while taking the test. When memorizing the names of bones in
the body, draw a human skeleton and label the bones. During the test, visualize the
skeleton and you will be able to remember the names.

Flashcards – Write key words or terms that you need to know on one side of an index
card. Write the explanation or definition on the other side of the card. Carry these cards
with you and review them as often as possible.